Liver Metastases: What can be done when bowel cancer has spread to the liver

Contents

• The bowel and liver cancer link
• At least 20-30% of the liver must be saved
• Fit for liver surgery
• Combining treatments for liver cancer
• Managing metastases
• Chemotherapy regimens
• Preventing liver failure
• Promoting liver growth
• Two-stage procedure
• The extracorpoeal technique
• Curative surgery for liver metastases
• Management of liver metastases

Bowel cancer can spread (metastasise) to various other organs, most commonly to the liver. Liver metastases occur in more than half of patients with bowel cancer and can often be treated surgically, or in combination with other treatment modalities. This article describes how this can be accomplished safely, and highlights the importance of multidisciplinaryRelating to a group of healthcare professionals with different areas of specialisation. management for patients.

The bowel and liver cancer link

Bowel cancer is the third most common malignantDescribes a tumour resulting from uncontrolled cell division that can invade other tissues and may spread to distant parts of the body. tumourAn abnormal swelling. in men and the second most common in women in Europe. Every year approximately 700,000 new cases are diagnosed and 400,000 people die from colorectal cancer worldwide. In the United Kingdom, about 34,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Of these approximately 60% will develop metastatic disease, of which, half will be localised to the liver alone.  Liver metastases may occur either at the same time that bowel cancer is diagnosed - (synchronous metastases) or some time after the primary tumour has been resected (metachronous metastases).  Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for these patients although in the past only 10-30% were considered suitable for resectionThe surgical removal of part of the body..  Without surgery, the average survival with palliative A therapy that gives relief from the symptoms of a disease rather than impacting on its course. Often known as 'end of life' care. treatment is usually less than two years. 

At least 20-30% of the liver must be saved

Several factors are important to determine whether a patient is deemed suitable for surgery. The distribution of the metastases dictates the technical feasibility, as at least 20-30% of the liver has to be preserved to prevent liver failure, a potentially lethal complicationA condition that is linked to, or is a consequence of, another disease or procedure.. However, the liver has a unique peculiarity in that it is the only organ capable of regeneration if part of it is removed. Indeed, a second and third reoperation can be performed to remove recurrent metastases, surprisingly with an outcome similar to the one observed in patients after the first surgical procedure. For this reason it is essential that patients are followed up for at least five years after surgery with repeat CTThe abbreviation for computed tomography, a scan that generates a series of cross-sectional x-ray images scans every three to four months for the first two years and six monthly or yearly thereafter.  

Fit for liver surgery

Needless to say it is essential that patients are generally fit to undergo major surgery, although this doesn’t necessarily correlate with increasing age.  A large number of elderly people including some octogenerians are routinely operated on in our unit with a view to going home two weeks later and to return to a normal lifestyle within three months or so.  Improvement in peri-operative care, including anaesthesia and intensive care support, as well as technical progress in surgical equipment, have led to a dramatic decrease of postoperative mortality, with very few patients dying as a result of liver surgery. This improvement is also associated with a better management of the complications, which occur in 20-40% of patients, the most serious ones being bleeding, infectionInvasion by organisms that may be harmful, for example bacteria or parasites., bileA fluid produced by the liver, which helps the fat ingested in food to combine with the digestive juices in the gut. leakage and liver failure. A particularly important advance over the last few years has been the development of minimally invasive liver surgery. With the same technique used to remove the gallbladderSmall pear-shaped organ that sits under the liver and that stores bile. (laparoscopicA keyhole surgical procedure. or key-hole surgery), today it is possible to operate on the liver, though this technique can only be used in selected cases. The benefit of this approach is mainly to expedite recovery and discharge. Patients can get out of bed the following day, have very little pain and go home a few days after surgery.

Combining treatments for liver cancer

Over the last few years various strategies have been designed to increase the number of cases who can benefit from surgical treatment. Chemotherapy plays a key role and virtually all patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer receive it at some stage. Chemotherapy is administered after surgery to minimise the chance of recurrence (adjuvant chemotherapy) or before surgery in patients with advanced disease and poor prognosisAn assessment of the likely progress of a condition. (neo-adjuvant chemotherapy). 

Managing metastases

In cases with initially inoperable metastases, preoperative chemotherapy can reduce the size of the lesions to the point where these patients can be operated on (down staging chemotherapy) (Figures 1 & 2). The response rate is greater than 50% and in very few cases metastases can even disappear on follow-up scans, though they will recur in the vast majority if surgery is not carried out. Complete pathological response where the whole tumour is killed by chemotherapy is indeed a relatively rare event which occurs in no more than 10% and should not encourage a wait and see attitude. 

Chemotherapy regimens

Chemotherapy regimens commonly comprise a combination of drugs, often including 5-fluorouracil with Oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or Irinotican (FOLFIRI). More recently, biological agents, such as monoclonal antibodiesSpecial proteins in the blood that are produced in response to a specific antigen and play a key role in immunity and allergy., have been introduced in current clinical practice and have been associated with a greater response rate. The commonest ones are Bevasuzimab (commercial name Avastin) and Cetuximab (commercial name Erbitux), the latter, as a result of gaining approval by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence has recently been made available also to NHS patients. An ongoing trial, the New EPOC, is recruiting patients who are randomly treated either with FOLFOX alone or FOLFOX with Cetuximab. 

Preventing liver failure

Chemotherapy is often associated with several side effects and although it may be well tolerated by the patients, it also has a toxic effect on the liver. A period of at least four to six weeks is required to have elapsed between the end of the treatment and extensive resections, to prevent liver failure.       

Promoting liver growth

In cases where the anticipated proportion of liver to be removed is greater than 70-75%, it is possible to increase the volume of the remnant by blocking the branch of the portal veinA blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart. (the main vein providing the bloodA fluid that transports oxygen and other substances through the body, made up of blood cells suspended in a liquid. supply to the liver) supplying the affected lobe of the liver. This causes shrinkage of one side and elicits a regenerative response on the other side (the unaffected lobe). This procedure is called portal vein embolization (PVEper vaginal examination) and is routinely performed by our interventional radiologists in the x-ray department under local anaesthesia and sedation (Figures 3 & 4). The procedure is normally well tolerated and requires 24 hours hospitalisation. After a period of 4-6 weeks a liver MRIAn abbreviation for magnetic resonance imaging, a technique for imaging the body that uses electromagnetic waves and a strong magnetic field. scan is repeated to assess the response prior to surgery.

Two-stage procedure

Even combining downstaging chemotherapy and PVE, it is sometimes impossible to remove all the metastases with one operation and some patients require a “two stage” procedure where two liver resections are performed within three months or so to allow regeneration of the remnant liver and prevent liver failure. In other circumstances, and sometimes to avoid further surgery, it is possible to destroy some of these lesions with local ablation. Different types of energy used to ablate liver tumours include radiofrequency (RFA), microwave, electrolysis and cryotherapyA therapy that destroys unwanted cells or tissue by freezing it., the first one being the most widely used in clinical practice. The recurrence rate after local ablation, however, is much greater than after surgery, and the success rate is proportional to the size of the lesion ablated.  

The extracorporeal technique

Finally, in very selected cases, it is also possible to remove the liver from the abdominal cavityThe part of the body that contains the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and other organs., resect the metastases on the bench and reimplant the liver, with a technique similar to the one used for liver transplantation. This extracorporeal technique is an exceptional surgical procedure reserved for cases where the major vessels are involved and require vascularRelating to blood vessels. reconstruction and can only be performed in centres with liver transplant facilities.

Curative surgery for liver metastases

With these strategies and a proper multidisciplinary approach it is estimated that an additional 10-15% of initially inoperable patients can today be offered potentially curative surgery. Unfortunately, however, a large proportion of cases will never be candidates for liver resection. Palliative chemotherapy can extend survival but cannot provide cure. A recently developed technique called selective intra-arterial radiotherapyThe treatment of disease using radiation. (SIRT), has been tested in phase II trials and can be an option for these patients. With this treatment modality, 90Yttrium microspheres are injected into the hepaticRelating to the liver. arteryA blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Apart from the pulmonary artery and umbilical artery, all arteries carry oxygenated blood. supplying the liver metastases with the aim to shrink them or halt tumour progression. In a current trial (FOXFIRE), patients are randomized to SIRT alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy and outcomes are awaited.

Management of liver metastases

Although the liver is a common target for bowel cancer, this malignant tumour can also spread to the lungs, lymphA watery or milky bodily fluid containing lymphocytes, proteins and fats. Lymph accumulates outside the blood vessels in the intercellular spaces of the body tiisues and is collected by the vessels of the lymphatic system.-glands, other intra-abdominalRelating to the abdomen, which is the region of the body between the chest and the pelvis. organs and to the peritoneumthe membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity (the internal membrane lining the abdominal cavity). In the presence of extra-hepatic disease, the management of liver metastases is more complex, as the objective of liver surgery is to eradicate the disease and not to debulk it. In some circumstances a staged surgical approach can be appropriate, where liver surgery is followed by lung surgery. The involvement of the lymph-glands and peritoneal spread has been traditionally regarded as a contraindicationA condition which may make a medical treatment or procedure inadvisable. to liver surgery. Although this remains true for the majority of the patients, there are a number of exceptions where lymph-glands near the liver can be cleared (after successful chemotherapy) and even the peritoneum can be stripped off (this procedure called peritonectomy is performed only in very few National Centres in the UK).