JAK Boots – these cells were made for marching

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomyThe surgical removal of the entire prostate gland., also known as keyhole prostatectomy, is a minimally invasive operation performed by a Urological Surgeon to treat, and cure, prostate cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body.. It is performed under general anaestheticAny agent that reduces or abolishes sensation, affecting the whole body. and involves removing the entire prostate glandAn organ with the ability to make and secrete certain fluids., seminal vesicles A pair of pouch-like glands situated on each side of the bladder in males. These produce the components of semen. , and sometimes the lymphA watery or milky bodily fluid containing lymphocytes, proteins and fats. Lymph accumulates outside the blood vessels in the intercellular spaces of the body tiisues and is collected by the vessels of the lymphatic system. glands within the pelvisThe bony basin formed by the hip bones and the lower vertebrae of the spine; also refers to the lower part of the abdomen.. The bladderThe organ that stores urine. is then re-attached to the urethraThe tube that carries urine from the bladder, and in men also carries semen during ejaculation. with sutures.

Breast cysts are sacs filled with fluid of variableLiable to vary or change. colour and are relatively common breast lumps reported by women or identified during a clinical examination by a doctor. Approximately 7% of all women will encounter a palpable cyst during their lifetime. Although these lumps do not spread, they can vary considerably in size and result in much anxiety. Their presence can also affect the interpretation of clinical examination findings and mammograms. Cysts can be single or multiple, affect one breast or both breasts and are frequently changing in response to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycleThe monthly sequence by which a woman’s body prepares for potential fertilisation of an egg released from the ovaries, involving thickening of the uterus lining and then shedding of the lining when pregnancy does not occur..

Mastalgia literally means 'pain in the region of the breast' and is the most common symptom reported by women attending breast clinics. To make a full assessment of the cause, all patients require a full history, examination and, sometimes, investigations.True breast pain can either be cyclical (getting worse before menstruationThe shedding of the lining of the uterus (period), as part of the female reproductive cycle.) or non-cyclical (unrelated to menstruation). It is important to point out that breast cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. does not usually cause mastalgiaBreast pain.

Approximately one in five patients with breast cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. will require a mastectomy rather than a lumpectomy. As mastectomy results in the distortion of the body image, it is natural for some patients to seek reconstructive surgery. However, some women are just relieved to have had the cancer removed and are not keen on having breast reconstruction. Although an external implant is available that can be put inside the brassiere, it may be inadequate for some women.

The choice of reconstruction depends upon the woman's build, shape and size of her breasts, previous scars, and her own preferences.

This article presents an overview of the latest treatments for Prostate Cancer. We believe that this article will be of interest to anyone who has been diagnosed with prostateA gland that surrounds the urethra near the bladder. It produces a fluid that forms part of the semen. cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. and would like to know what their treatment options are, particularly during the advanced stage.

Gynaecological cancers are not common, particularly in the UK. If we add all the gynaecological cancers that occur each year together, they account for less than half of the cases of breast cancer. However, women may be concerned about the possibility of gynaecological cancers because, unlike breast cancer, the gynaecological organs are not easily visible. It is therefore important for women to be aware of the various screeningA way to identify people who may have a certain condition, among a group of people who may or may not seem to programmes for gynaecological cancers that exist and to also be aware of the symptoms so that the disease can be detected early where full cure is usually possible.

Soft tissueA group of cells with a similar structure and a specialised function. tumours that appear as lumps and bumps are a diverse group of tumours that can be benignNot dangerous, usually applied to a tumour that is not malignant. (non-cancerousMalignant, a tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body.) or malignantDescribes a tumour resulting from uncontrolled cell division that can invade other tissues and may spread to distant parts of the body. (cancerous). Soft tissue is defined as the supportive or connective tissueA type of tissue made up of fibres forming a framework and support structure for body tissues and organs. of the body and includes fibrous connective tissue, bone, muscleTissue made up of cells that can contract to bring about movement., fatOne of the three main food constituents (with carbohydrate and protein), and the main form in which energy is stored in the body., bloodA fluid that transports oxygen and other substances through the body, made up of blood cells suspended in a liquid./lymphA watery or milky bodily fluid containing lymphocytes, proteins and fats. Lymph accumulates outside the blood vessels in the intercellular spaces of the body tiisues and is collected by the vessels of the lymphatic system. vessels and the nervous systemThe network of nerves, which are bundles of nerve fibres carrying information in the form of electrical impulses.. All lumps are usually referred to as tumours whether they are benign or malignant. Benign soft tissue tumours are relatively common in the general population. Benign tumours cannot spread to other parts of the body but they can continue to grow at the original site where they can cause a problem by pressing on the surrounding organs.

Neck lumps can be categorised in a number of ways. One of these is based on whether they are benignNot dangerous, usually applied to a tumour that is not malignant. (not dangerous) or malignantDescribes a tumour resulting from uncontrolled cell division that can invade other tissues and may spread to distant parts of the body.. Benign neck lumps are far more common than malignant ones that are usually associated with cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body.. The diagnosisThe process of determining which condition a patient may have. of whether a lump in the neck is benign or malignant will be based on medical history, medical examination and special investigations performed on the neck lump. Benign neck lumps can have many causes. The malignant form may originate from lymph nodesSmall, rounded organs of the immune system that are distributed along the lymphatic system that filter lymph, a fluid derived from the blood, and produce antibodies and a type of white blood cells, lymphocytes. and therefore may be as a result of lymphomaA type of cancer that affects the lymph nodes, part of the immune system. or may be secondary to a cancer of the throat. Malignant tumours also arise from the salivary glands.

Neck lumps have many causes but, thankfully, the majority are benignNot dangerous, usually applied to a tumour that is not malignant.. However, a number of benign lumps will still need to be assessed, partly to rule out the possibility of anything more sinister being behind them but also in case surveillance or surgery is required.

To be told you have breast cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. is always a huge shock. Before we consider some of the treatments available I want to make the important point of how much the treatment of breast cancer has improved over the years. In the 1970s only 50% of people with breast cancer survived for 5 years. In the best units that figure is now around 90%. Similarly the 10 year survival rate was only 40% in the 70s and it is now 80%, with a twenty year survival rate of nearly 70%. The fundamental fact is that most people will no longer die from their breast cancer; and the treatments continue to improve.

Endometrial cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. is cancer of the lining of the wombThe uterus. and it is the most common gynaecological cancer in the UK. It is most common in post-menopausalAfter the menopause - technically only once a woman has had no menstrual period for one year. women aged 50 to 60 years, although approximately 7% of cases are in younger women.

Endometrial cancer is much more common among women who live in the developing world, particularly Europe and North America compared with women who live in less developed countries. This is likely to be because endometrialRelating to the endometrium. cancer is linked to obesityExcess accumulation of fat in the body., with obese women three times as likely to get this disease as women who have a body weight in the healthy range. A healthy balanced diet and an active lifestyle can help to reduce the risk of this cancer.

Bowel cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. can spread (metastasise) to various other organs, most commonly to the liverA large abdominal organ that has many important roles including the production of bile and clotting factors, detoxification, and the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.. Liver metastasesSecondary tumours’ that result from the spread of a malignant tumour to other parts of the body. occur in more than half of patients with bowelA common name for the large and/or small intestines. cancer and can often be treated surgically, or in combination with other treatment modalities. This article describes how this can be accomplished safely, and highlights the importance of multidisciplinaryRelating to a group of healthcare professionals with different areas of specialisation. management for patients.

Cervical cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. should be treated in a specialist unit known as a cancer centre. A team of experts, known as a multidisciplinaryRelating to a group of healthcare professionals with different areas of specialisation. team, will be involved in your care. The doctors who look after this disease are gynaecological oncologists (surgeons) or clinical oncologists (radiotherapyThe treatment of disease using radiation. experts). Other members of the team include a Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNScentral nervous system or MacMillan Nurse), and a psychologist who are available to support you and look after your social and psychological needs throughout treatment and beyond. Not all hospitals have this expertise available and you may have to be referred from your local hospital to a cancer centre.

Bowel cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. is a major health problem in the United Kingdom. Men and women are equally affected by the disease and improved survival is dependent on the diagnosisThe process of determining which condition a patient may have. and surgical treatment of early stage disease (no cancerousMalignant, a tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. spread to the lymphA watery or milky bodily fluid containing lymphocytes, proteins and fats. Lymph accumulates outside the blood vessels in the intercellular spaces of the body tiisues and is collected by the vessels of the lymphatic system. glands or distant organs). It is now widely accepted that most bowelA common name for the large and/or small intestines. cancers arise from pre-cancerous polypsGrowths on the surface of a mucous membrane (a surface that secretes mucous), lining any body cavity that opens to the outside of the body., and that early detection of these polyps (screeningA way to identify people who may have a certain condition, among a group of people who may or may not seem to) offers the opportunity to prevent bowel cancer developing and to treat the condition before it progresses to an advanced stage. A smaller proportion of bowel cancers are inherited and a detailed family history by the specialist is required to identify those who may be at risk of the disease.

An early diagnosis of bowel cancer is critical.

The risk of developing breast cancerAbnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. increases with age; an average European woman aged 25 years has a 1 in 15000 chance of developing breast cancer; for a 40-year old woman the risk is 1 in 200, for a 50-year-old woman the chance is 1 in 50, and at the age of 80 years the chance is 1 in 11.

The number of cases of breast cancer is five times higher in Western countries than in Far Eastern countries such as Japan and China. However, Japanese women who move to the USA increase their risk of developing breast cancer, which shows that the environment also plays an important role.